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1	The Avian Fecal Exam And What You Might Find Sarah E. Snead, LVT The Wildlife Center of Virginia
2	Endoparasites Live inside the animal’s body Assume all wild animals have some May be zoonotic Ova found in feces Some found in oral cavity Detection requires fresh sample
3	Endoparasites Methods of detection: direct fecal smear with saline stained fecal smear fecal float fecal centrifugation crop swab wet mount crop swab stained
4	Direct fecal smear Mix fresh feces with small amount of saline Add coverslide Scan on 100x for parasite eggs or protozoa
5	Stained fecal smear May use quick stain May use Gram’s stain May use acid fast stain
6	Fecal float Sheather’s solution Uses sugar & formalin Inexpensive Zinc sulfate Best for Giardia Good for avian Sodium nitrate All purpose
7	Fecal centrifugation Use same solutions as float A little faster than float
8	Common fecal parasites of avians Nematodes Ascarids Capillaria Strongyles Oxyurids Trematodes flukes Cestodes Tapeworms Protozoa Coccidia Giardia
9	Ascarids (roundworms)
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13	Capillaria
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17	Strongyle-type eggs Strongyle from Mallard
18	Strongyle from Red-shouldered Hawk
19	Strongyle from Domestic Chicken
20	Strongyle from Canada Goose
21	Oxyurid (pinworm) from Red-tailed Hawk
22	Spiruroid nematodes
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24	Syngamus trachea
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26	Trematodes (flukes) will cave in with zinc sulphate
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29	Cestodes (tapeworms)
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31	Protozoa Coccidia Most species can get Giardia Zoonotic Highly infective Cryptosporidium May need acid fast stain Trichomonas Parasite of the oral cavity and crop of columbiformes and falconiformes
32	Coccidia
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36	Giardia
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38	Oral swab For detection of Trichomonas Use moistened cotton swab Add saline, coverslide, and search for motility
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40	Incidental Findings i.e. not parasites May be pseudoparasite May be undigested food stuff May be parasite of prey animal May be from animal’s environment
41	Pine Pollen
42	Epithelial Cells
43	Louse Egg in Bird Feces
44	Ground-dwelling Nematode
45	QUIZ
46	Screech Owl
47	Red-shouldered Hawk
48	Canada Goose
49	American Crow
50	Canada Goose
51	Red-tailed Hawk
52	Chicken
53	Blue Jay
54	Eastern Bluebird
55	Red-shouldered Hawk
56	Crow
57	Red-tailed Hawk
58	Broad-winged Hawk
59	American Robin
60	Eastern Bluebird
61	References Foreyt, William J., Veterinary Parasitology Reference Manual, Washington State University Press, 1994. Fudge, Alan M., Laboratory Medicine Avian and Exotic Pets, W. B. Saunders Company, 2000. Greiner, Ellis C., “Parasite Diagnosis by Fecal Examination,” in Journal of the Association of Avian Veterinarians, volume 3, number 2, 1989. Sloss, Margaret W. and Russell L. Kemp, Veterinary Clinical Parasitology, Iowa State University Press, 1978.